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Working in Spain
A Guide for EU/EEA Citizens, Non-EU/EEA citizens and entrepreneurs
Spain has long been a popular destination for people looking to combine a vibrant lifestyle with professional opportunities. With its sunny climate, beautiful coastline, rich culture and relaxed pace of life, it’s no wonder that many choose to move here for work or to start their own business. However, even for those from Europe, it’s important to understand the practical steps involved in legally working and living in Spain.
Whether you’re an EU or EEA citizen enjoying the freedom of movement, a non-EU/EEA national navigating visa requirements or an entrepreneur aiming to start your own business, there are key rules, registrations and procedures that must be followed. From residency registration to social security contributions, tax obligations and health coverage, knowing what to expect can make the transition smoother and help you avoid unnecessary complications.
In this guide, we’ll explain the main requirements for each category, provide practical tips and point you to resources to get started.
1. Working in Spain as an EU/EEA Citizen
EU and EEA citizens benefit from simplified procedures thanks to the freedom of movement. You do not need a work visa to take up employment, but there are still essential steps to ensure you are legally registered and have access to services.
● Residency registration: If you plan to live in Spain for more than three months, you must register at your local town hall (Ayuntamiento). This gives you the Certificate of Registration as an EU Resident (Certificado de Registro como Residente Comunitario), which includes your NIE (Número de Identificación de Extranjero)—a personal ID number required for almost all official matters, such as opening a bank account or signing a lease.
● Finding work: Opportunities vary depending on your qualifications and location. Coastal towns and tourist hubs offer jobs in hospitality, retail, and customer service, while larger cities like Madrid, Valencia, or Barcelona provide roles in business, IT, and healthcare. Spanish language skills are very useful and, depending on type of job, learning some of the local language (Valenciano in some regions) can further help with integration.
● Employment Contracts: Spanish employment contracts must outline your role, salary, working hours, and benefits. Contracts can be temporary (temporal) or permanent (indefinido). Always read the terms carefully before signing.
● Social Security and healthcare: Employers register employees with the Spanish Social Security system (Seguridad Social). Contributions grant access to public healthcare, pensions, and other benefits. After registration, you’ll receive a health
card (Tarjeta Sanitaria). Many expats also choose private insurance for additional coverage.
● Tips: Obtain your NIE early, keep documents organized and consider joining local expat networks for advice and job leads.
2. Working in Spain as a Non-EU/EEA Citizen
For non-EU/EEA nationals, working in Spain requires more preparation and formal approvals:
● Work visa: You must secure a visa before entering Spain, typically linked to a specific job offer. The employer may assist with parts of the process, but the initial approval must come from Spanish authorities.
● Residency: Once in Spain, you must register as a resident and obtain an NIE, which is necessary for social security, taxation, and healthcare.
● Employment limitations: Work is usually tied to your sponsoring employer and role. Changing jobs or locations often requires additional permissions.
● Social Security and Taxes: Once employed, you are registered with Social Security, and income tax is deducted directly from your salary. Healthcare access depends on registration and contributions.
● Language and Integration: Spanish is often required in workplaces and daily life. Even basic language skills will make your experience much easier.
3. Starting your own business in Spain
Spain also offers opportunities for freelancers and entrepreneurs. This applies to both EU/EEA and non-EU/EEA citizens, though the process varies slightly:
● Registering as Autónomo (Self-Employed): You must register with the Agencia Tributaria (Tax Office) and Social Security. This involves selecting your business activity code, paying monthly contributions and submitting quarterly tax returns.
● Legal structure: Options include operating as a sole trader, forming a limited company (SL) or other legal forms depending on your goals and business size.
● Banking and administration: An NIE and a Spanish bank account are required. Proper accounting is necessary to comply with tax obligations. Many expats use local accountants (gestor) for guidance.
● Healthcare and social security: Autónomos pay monthly contributions, which provide access to public healthcare and pensions.
● Tips: Research your market, keep meticulous records and seek professional advice to ensure compliance with Spanish regulations.
Working in Spain can be a fulfilling experience, whether you’re employed, self-employed or an entrepreneur. EU/EEA citizens enjoy simpler procedures, while non-EU/EEA nationals need additional approvals. Entrepreneurs need to register properly and manage their contributions. Regardless of your status, preparing in advance, learning the language and understanding the local requirements will make your move smoother and your working life more successful.
Resources:
Living and working conditions: Spain - European Union
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